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Stanley Earl Kramer (September 29, 1913February 19, 2001) was an American film director and producer, responsible for making many of Hollywood's most famous "message films".〔(Film-maker Stanley Kramer dies ), a February 2001 BBC obituary〕 As an independent producer and director, he brought attention to topical social issues that most studios avoided. Among the subjects covered in his films were racism (in ''The Defiant Ones'' and ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner''), nuclear war (in ''On the Beach''), greed (in ''It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World''), creationism vs. evolution (in ''Inherit the Wind'') and the causes and effects of fascism (in ''Judgement at Nuremberg''). His other notable films included ''High Noon'' (1952, as producer), ''The Caine Mutiny'' (1954, as producer), and ''Ship of Fools'' (1965). Director Steven Spielberg described him as an "incredibly talented visionary,"〔 with Tom Brokaw, Steven Spielberg, Quincy Jones, Harrison Ford and Al Gore〕 and "one of our great filmmakers, not just for the art and passion he put on screen, but for the impact he has made on the conscience of the world."〔 Kramer was recognized for his fierce independence as a producer-director, with author Victor Navasky writing that "among the independents . . . none seemed more vocal, more liberal, more pugnacious than young Stanley Kramer." His friend, Kevin Spacey, during his acceptance speech at the 2015 Golden Globes, honored Kramer's work, calling him "one of the great filmmakers of all time."〔("Golden Globes' Most Touching Moment Wasn't Captured On TV" ), ''Deadline.com'', Jan. 12, 2015〕〔("Kevin Spacey drops F-bomb during Golden Globes speech" ), ''NY Daily News'', Jan. 12, 2015〕 Despite mixed critical reception, both then and now, the film industry heavily promoted Kramer's work with numerous awards. His films received 16 Academy Awards and 80 nominations, and he was nominated nine times as either producer or director.〔Byman, Jeremy. ''Showdown at High Noon: Witch-hunts, Critics, and the End of the Western'', Scarecrow Press (2004) pp. 9, 29-45; 73-76; Ch. 5〕 In 1961 he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. In 1963 he was a member of the jury at the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=3rd Moscow International Film Festival (1963) )〕 In 1998 was awarded the first NAACP Vanguard Award "in recognition of the strong social themes that ran through his body of work." In 2002, the Stanley Kramer Award was created, to be given to recipients for work that "dramatically illustrates provocative social issues."〔 ==Early years== Stanley Kramer was born in Manhattan, New York, in a neighborhood known as Hell's Kitchen due to its reputation as a tough, gang-ridden area. His parents were Jewish, and having separated when he was very young, he remembered little about his father.〔 His mother worked at a New York office of Paramount Pictures, during which time his grandparents took care of him at home.〔Spoto, Donald. ''Stanley Kramer: Film Maker'', Putnam (1978)〕 His uncle, Earl Kramer, worked in distribution at Universal Pictures. Kramer attended DeWitt Clinton High School in The Bronx, where he graduated at age fifteen. He then enrolled in New York University where he became a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity〔Membership Directory, 2010, Pi Lambda Phi Inc.〕 and wrote a weekly column for the ''Medley'' newspaper. He graduated in 1933 at the age of nineteen with a degree in business administration. After developing a "zest for writing" with the newspaper, notes biographer Donald Spoto, he was offered a paid internship in the writing department of 20th Century Fox and moved to Hollywood.〔 Until receiving that writing job, he had planned to enroll in law school.〔Lyman, Rick. ("Stanley Kramer, Filmmaker With Social Bent, Dies at 87" ), ''New York Times'' February 21, 2001〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stanley Kramer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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